Solidity 101

Recently, I have been revisiting Solidity, consolidating the finer details, and writing "WTF Solidity" tutorials for newbies.

Twitter: @0xAA_Science | @WTFAcademy_

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Codes and tutorials are open source on GitHub: github.com/AmazingAng/WTF-Solidity

Variable Types

1. Value Type：This includes boolean, integer, etc. These variables directly pass values when assigned.

2. Reference Type：including arrays and structures. These variables take up more space, directly pass addresses (similar to pointers) when assigned, and can be modified with multiple variable names.

3. Mapping Type: hash tables in Solidity.

4. Function Type：The Solidity documentation classifies functions into value types. But it's very different from other types, and I put it in a separate category.

Only the commonly used types will be introduced here. In this chapter, we will introduce value types.

Value types

1. Boolean

Boolean is a binary variable, and its values are true or false.

// Boolean
    bool public _bool = true;

Operators for Boolean type include:

• ! (logical NOT)
• && (logical AND)
• || (logical OR)
• == (equality)
• != (inequality)

Code：

// Boolean operators
    bool public _bool1 = !_bool; // logical NOT
    bool public _bool2 = _bool && _bool1; // logical AND
    bool public _bool3 = _bool || _bool1; // logical OR
    bool public _bool4 = _bool == _bool1; // equality
    bool public _bool5 = _bool != _bool1; // inequality

From the above source code: the value of the variable _bool is true; _bool1 is not_bool, which yields false; _bool && _bool1 is false；_bool || _bool1 is true；_bool == _bool1 is false；and _bool != _bool1 is true.

Important note： The && and || operator follows a short-circuit evaluation rule. This means that for an expression such as f(x) || g(y), if f(x) is true, g(y) will not be evaluated.

2. Integers

Integers types in Solidity include signed integer int and unsigned integer uint. It can store up to a 256-bit integers or data units.

// Integer
    int public _int = -1; // integers including negative integers
    uint public _uint = 1; // unsigned integers
    uint256 public _number = 20220330; // 256-bit unsigned integers

Commonly used integer operators include:

• Inequality operator (which returns a Boolean)： <=, <, ==, !=, >=, >
• Arithmetic operator： +, -, *, /, % (modulo), ** (exponent)

Code：

// Integer operations
    uint256 public _number1 = _number + 1; // +, -, *, /
    uint256 public _number2 = 2**2; // Exponent
    uint256 public _number3 = 7 % 2; // Modulo (Modulus)
    bool public _numberbool = _number2 > _number3; // Greater than

You can run the above code and check the values of each variable.

3. Addresses

Addresses have the following 2 types:

• address: Holds a 20 byte value (size of an Ethereum address).

• address payable: Same as address, but with the additional members transfer and send to allow ETH transfers.

Code:

// Address
    address public _address = 0x7A58c0Be72BE218B41C608b7Fe7C5bB630736C71;
    address payable public _address1 = payable(_address); // payable address (can transfer fund and check balance)
    // Members of address
    uint256 public balance = _address1.balance; // balance of address

4. Fixed-size byte arrays

Byte arrays in Solidity come in two types:

• Fixed-length byte arrays: belong to value types, including byte, bytes8, bytes32, etc, depending on the size of each element (maximum 32 bytes). The length of the array can not be modified after declaration.
• Variable-length byte arrays: belong to reference type, including bytes, etc. The length of the array can be modified after declaration. We will learn more detail in later chapters

Code：

// Fixed-size byte arrays
    bytes32 public _byte32 = "MiniSolidity"; 
    bytes1 public _byte = _byte32[0];

In the above code, we assigned the value MiniSolidity to the variable _byte32, or in hexadecimal: 0x4d696e69536f6c69646974790000000000000000000000000000000000000000

And _byte takes the value of the first byte of _byte32, which is 0x4d.

5. Enumeration

Enumeration (enum) is a user-defined data type within Solidity. It is mainly used to assign names to uint, which keeps the program easy to read.

Code:

// Let uint 0,  1,  2 represent Buy, Hold, Sell
    enum ActionSet { Buy, Hold, Sell }
    // Create an enum variable called action
    ActionSet action = ActionSet.Buy;

It can be converted to uint easily:

// Enum can be converted into uint
    function enumToUint() external view returns(uint){
        return uint(action);
    }

enum is a less popular type in Solidity.

Demo in Remix

• After deploying the contract, you can check the values of each variable:

  

• Conversion between enum and uint:

  
  

Summary

In this chapter, we introduced the variable types in Solidity, they are value type, reference type, mapping type, and function type. Then we introduced commonly used types: boolean, integer, address, fixed-length byte array, and enumeration in value types. We will cover other types in the subsequent tutorials.